Brucellosis: A Worldwide Zoonotic Isease
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Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide bacterial zoonosis that affects humans as well as domestic and wild animals, causing significant public health and economic impacts. Transmission occurs mainly through direct contact with infected animals or their fluids, and through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control of brucellosis, with emphasis on endemic regions. A literature search was conducted for publications in English and Spanish from 2014 to 2024 in databases including SciELO, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, PubMed, and Redalyc. The following Boolean search equation was applied: (Brucellosis OR Brucella) AND (Zoonosis OR zoonotic diseases) AND (public health OR human health) AND (South America OR North America). Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select 30 relevant articles. The findings indicate that Brucella melitensis and B. abortus are the species with the greatest health and economic impact, with high prevalence in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Serological tests such as Rose Bengal, ELISA, and complement fixation, when combined with molecular techniques such as PCR and qPCR, improve detection, although standardization challenges persist. The most effective control strategies include animal vaccination, systematic diagnosis, and biosecurity measures within the “One Health” framework. It is concluded that eradication requires sustained investment, the development of safe human vaccines, and the global standardization of diagnostic approaches.
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Angie Mercedes Santos-Chávez, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix López - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5745-2274
Graduate of the Veterinary Medicine program at ESPAM, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix. During her academic training, she participated in projects and pre-professional internships related to bovine reproduction, in accordance with the topic of the article. Her research interests focus on bovine reproduction and health.
Meiling Elizabeth Iza-Lucio, Escuela Superior Politecnica Agropecuaria de Manabi Manuel Felix Lopez - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2770-1351
Graduate of the Veterinary Medicine program at ESPAM, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix. Her academic training has been oriented toward the study and management of animal health, with a particular focus on large animals, especially cattle. She has shown interest in the area of animal welfare, participating in practical activities and related projects.
Mauro Manabí Guillen-Mendoza, Escuela Superior Politecnica Agropecuaria de Manabi Manuel Felix Lopez - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4474-1188
PhD candidate at the University of Zulia, Maracaibo. Master's degree in Clinical Sciences and Surgery from the Agrarian University of Ecuador, Guayaquil. Veterinarian and Zootechnician from the Technical University of Manabí. Lecturer and researcher in the Veterinary Medicine program at the Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix López. Full-time faculty member: Assistant Level 1.
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